A fair mortgage can be presented in two different ways – either as a legal hypothec that has never been perfected by transferring the underlying assets, or by creating a mortgage as a fair mortgage. In all cases, a mortgage on equity rights (for example, the interests of a beneficiary of a trust) will necessarily exist only in equity. A security right gives the holder the right to take corrective action with respect to the asset in the event of certain events, such as non-payment of a loan. The creditor may take possession of these assets to fulfill the underlying obligation. The holder sells the property by public auction or private sale and uses the proceeds to fulfil the underlying obligation. If the proceeds exceed the amount of the underlying obligation, the debtor is entitled to the deductible. If the proceeds are insufficient, the security right holder is entitled to a default judgment that allows the holder to file an additional lawsuit to recover the full amount, unless it is a non-recourse debt like many mortgages in the United States. A security right is an interest in property – real estate or otherwise – that ensures the repayment of a debt or the performance of another obligation. If the party creating the security right fails to comply with its obligation, the holder of the security right can normally take possession of the asset in question and sell it to compensate for any losses. Security rates significantly reduce the risk taken by a lender, which reduces interest rates and other incentives to borrow. When a security right is created, the exchange is referred to as a «secured transaction». This resulted in Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (CDU), which regulates security rights in personal property (as opposed to immovable property) and establishes a uniform concept of security interest as a right in the property of a debtor that ensures payment or performance of an obligation. [41] Most security is granted by the person who owns the property to secure his or her own debts.
However, it is also possible for a person to provide security for their property as security for another person`s debts (often referred to as third-party security). [5] For example, a parent could grant security over their home to support a business loan to their child. Similarly, most security interests are used to secure debts or other direct financial obligations. However, sometimes a guarantee is provided to secure a non-financial obligation. For example, in the construction sector, a performance guarantee can ensure satisfactory compliance with non-financial obligations. An asset encumbered in equity is also a form of non-possession security right, and the beneficiary of the security right (the debtor) is not required to retain possession of the encumbered asset. The issuer and trustee will be issued on the 15th. December has entered into a security agreement (as amended, supplemented, amended, amended or replaced by the «Hedge Interest Agreement») governed by the Jersey Act under which the issuer grants security in the Main Money Account and the Short Account to the fiduciary as continuing collateral for the issuer`s obligations to the security holders. the counterparty and the portfolio manager. There are other reasons why people sometimes put security above assets.
In shareholders` agreements involving two parties (p. e.g., a joint venture), shareholders sometimes encumber their shares in favour of the other as security for the performance of their obligations under the agreement in order to prevent the other shareholder from selling their shares to a third party. It is sometimes suggested that banks may charge variable fees on companies as collateral – not so much for the guarantee of paying their own debts, but because it ensures that no other bank normally lends to the company; This almost grants a monopoly in favour of the bank, which holds the variable charge to lend to the company. [a] In turn, international development experts recognized in the mid-1990s that security law reform was one of the main reasons for the prosperity of Canada and the United States, as it had allowed their businesses to finance their growth through forms of secured credit that simply did not exist elsewhere. [44] The International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and other international lenders have begun to encourage other countries to follow Canada`s lead in the structural adjustment process (a consultation process often required as a condition of their loans). Canadian PPSPs were followed by New Zealand`s Personal Property Titles Act 1999, Vanuatu`s Personal Property Titles Act 2008, Australia`s Personal Property Titles Act 2009, Papua New Guinea`s Personal Property Security Act 2012, Jersey`s Security Act 2012, Samoa`s Personal Property Titles Act 2013 and Jamaica`s Personal Property Security Act 2013. The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) sets out three conditions for a security right to be legally valid, a process known as «seizure.» A security interest is generally constituted by a «security agreement». A security right is created in respect of the asset when the debtor has title to the asset and the holder of the security right gives it a value, such as the granting of a loan.
Pledges or «trust receipts» are relatively rare forms of security in which the underlying assets are pledged not by handing them over as in a traditional pledge, but by handing over a document or other proof of ownership. The pledge is generally considered in relation to the merits (cf. bills of lading), the bill of lading being confirmed by the secured party who, if the guarantee is not honoured, can claim ownership by handing over the invoice. For example, courts may consider the 20-day period from the time most guarantees are received, as opposed to the final payment. In Piknik Products Company, Inc., 346 B.R. 863 (Bankr. M.D. Ala. 2006), the court found that the secured party had not made its interest effective against third parties within 20 days of receiving the «majority» of the debtor`s equipment and rejected the secured party`s argument that the entire installation was not yet completed. In many common law systems, a legal lien includes the right to retain physical possession of tangible assets as security for the underlying obligations. In some countries, this is a form of possession security right, and title to the assets must be transferred to (and retained by) the secured party.
In the case of a lien of possession, the right is purely passive. In the case of a lien of possession, the secured party (the lie)[27] does not have the right to sell the property, but only the right to refuse restitution until payment. In the United States, a lien can be a non-proprietary security right. The Canadian, New Zealand and Australian laws have all followed the CDU`s pragmatic approach of adopting much of the terminology and framework of Article 9. However, New Zealand, as a unitary State, needed to enact only one law for the whole country and could create a single national «registry» of security interests. While the United States has adopted Article 9 at the state level and Canada has adopted its PPSA at the provincial level, Australia, another common law federation, has deliberately implemented its new federal security rights law to replace more than 70 state statutes and create a national registry similar to New Zealand`s. In addition, the guarantee must be described in detail in the warranty contract. For example, the collateral in the loan agreement could list the borrower`s 2013 Honda Accord, not «all of the borrower`s vehicles.» Some economists question the usefulness of collateral and secured loans in general. Proponents argue that secured interest reduces risk for the lender and, in turn, allows it to charge lower interest rates, thereby reducing the cost of capital for the borrower. Critics argue that secured creditors can destroy businesses that are in financial difficulty, but could still recover and be profitable. Secured lenders could get nervous and enforce collateral sooner, repossess important assets, and force the company into bankruptcy. In addition, the general principle in most insolvency regimes that creditors should be treated equally (or pari passu) and that secured creditors should receive preferential treatment for certain assets disrupts the conceptual basis for insolvency.
[b] It is also possible to reproduce the effect of the guarantee by making a full transfer of the asset, provided that the asset is transferred again after the repayment of the secured obligations. In some jurisdictions, these agreements may be redefined as granting a mortgage, but most countries tend to give parties the freedom to characterize their transactions as they see fit. [33] Common examples of this are financing through a share loan or repurchase agreement to secure the cash advance and ownership transfer agreements (for example, under the «Transfer» form in English law to support an ISDA framework agreement (as opposed to other forms of CSAs that provide guarantees)).